Marina Beach

The Marina Beach is the second largest beach in a city after the Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California, the world's longest city beach. There exist, in fact, several longer beaches, including Praia do Cassino in Brazil, Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh, Padre Island on the US Gulf Coast, Ninety Mile Beach in Australia and Ninety Mile Beach, New Zealand. A similar beach exists in Dubai, UAE. However, unlike the other beaches, it is an urban beach similar to the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro.

The beach begins near Fort St. George in the north to Besant Nagar in the south, a distance of about 12km. A famous characteristic of the beach is the set of stone statues that adorn the roadside area of the beach. Most statues are of Indian/local legends like Mahatma Gandhi, Kannagi, Thiruvalluvar, while others have symbolic significance like the Statue of Labour. Also memorials for M. G. Ramachandran and C. N. Annadurai, former Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu are present on the beach. Recently, a statue of the legendary actor Sivaji Ganesan was installed.

The Marina used to be famed for its pristine beauty, jolly ambiance, and rich ecosystems. The beach and water has become polluted. A proliferation of plastic bags, human waste and other pollutants have rendered many parts of the beach unusable. In recent years, many voluntary organizations have taken up the task of cleaning up the Marina and protecting the ecosystem. Particular efforts include protection of Olive Ridley turtle nests along the Neelangarai section of the beach. Despite these problems however, a visit to the Marina is a sine qua non for any tourist coming to Chennai.

On December twenty six, two thousand and four, a tsunami caused by an earthquake struck the shores of Chennai at around the morining. The entire coastline of Chennai, including Marina beach, was affected. Sea waters engulfed the entire Marina beach, whose width is quite large. Morning joggers, children playing cricket were among those affected. The worst hit was the fishing community settled nearby the beaches. In all, the tsunami left behind two hundred and six dead in Chennai and caused destruction to the properties of the people in the city. While recovery has been difficult, the fishing community has been hard at work rebuilding their treasured coastline to boost their morale and make the area attractive to vacationers. It was held that since it was a Sunday morning, casualties were actually less, given the fact that people throng the beach in evenings.

Madurai Meenakshiamman temple

Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple or Meenakshi Amman Temple' is a historic Hindu temple located in the holy city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva (in the form of Sundareswarar or Beautiful Lord) and his consort, Goddess Parvati (in the form of Meenakshi). The temple forms the heart and lifeline of the two thousand and five hundred year old city of Madurai. This temple has a stunning architecture and a significant testimony for Vishwakarma Brahmins for their master architecture in sculpting this temple.

This was a frontrunner in the election for the modern [seven wonders of the world] for its architectural importance. The Shiva shrine lies at the centre of the complex, suggesting that the ritual dominance of the goddess developed later. The Shiva shrine also consists of an unusual sculpture of the Hindu god [Nataraja]. This famous Hindu marquee and a dancing form of Shiva that normally has his left foot raised, has his right foot raised in this temple.

According to the legend, this is on the request of the Rajasekara Pandya king who asked the Lord to change his position, as he felt that always keeping a single foot raised will pose enormous stress on that, based on his personal experiments in dancing. This massive Nataraja sculpture is enclosed in a huge silver altar and hence called Velli Ambalam (Silver abode). Outside the Shrine, lies huge scultptures carved of single stone and there is a shrine for a giant Ganesh temple, called the Mukuruny Vinayakar. This idol is believed to have been found during an excavation process to dig the temple lake. The Meenkashi shrine is on the left of the [Shiva]shrine and is of scultpturally less valuable than the Shiva shrine.

The most important festival associated with the temple is the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam (The divine marriage of Meenkashi) that is celebrated in April every year. During that one month period, in which most Tamil Nadu temples celebrate their annual festivals, there are a number of events including the Ther Thiruvizhah (Chariot festival) and Theppa Thiruvizhah (Float festival) are celebrated. Apart from this, major Hindu festivals like Navrathri, Shivrathri are celebrated in a grand manner. Like most Shakti temples in Tamil Nadu, the Fridays during the Tamil months of Aadi are popularly celebrated with thousands of devotees thronging to the temple.

Proverbs

A stitch in time save nine. This proverb means that we have to attend to all problem big or small, immediately. Especially smaller problems are more dangerous. Little things must be attended to at once. We know that a battle has been lost for want of a nail in the horse shoe. A virus destroys a whole humanity. A dust particle can cause loss for several lakhs. If we do not mend the cloth or shoe or chappal at once it will give way for further repair and even cause death to the wearer. So we must be prompt in solving problems and doing our work.

Rome was not built in a day. It means that careful planning is necessary for every activity. Any work or job cannot be done in a day. A house construction needs a year for it completion. A student has to plan his study for his future career. It takes a long time to prepare to launch a rocket. Gandhiji was able to win the confidence of the people only by his sheer constant effort and careful planning. Proper thinking for performance of work would help one to attain progress in life.

Make hay while the sunshines. It means that one should make use of the opportunities for one’s progress in life. A student has to make use of his lifetime for his education and future career. If he cannot study at the proper age there is no use in feeling sorry afterwards. A farmer should carryout his work only in proper seasons. Any skill can be learnt or acquired only during the youth. The young should learn many things from the elders when they are alive.

A rolling stone gathers no moss. It means if people do not stick to certain good principles, and change their mind from tome to time they cannot understand life and enjoy it. A stone in water gathers moss but that which rolls in it gathers nothing. Likewise a man who jumps from one job to another several times, cannot learn anything and lead a contented lfe. A scientist gets success because he is continuously and constantly at his work . He is able to find a solution to a problem. Hasty mind will never succeed.

Prohibiton

Man is born in this world to enjoy life. James Mase field writes in his poem that God created this earth only for joy. Every man has to be proud that be belongs to humanity. The spoil themselves and their family. It is a daily tug of war in the family of the drunkard. So we should not waste our life in evils like drinking. Drinking, people think, gives them a sort of bliss when they get used it, they lose the control of the body and the body ceases to function.

Slowly they become a block of wood in this work. The spoil themselves and their family. It is a daily tug of war in the family of the drunkard, between the husband the wife and a daily torture to the affected ladies. A nation’s growth depends not only on financial soundness but also on moral strength. The condition of the drunkard is deplorable. This habit is started only for temporary relief but developes into a permanent one and an incurable disease afterwards.

Government thinks of its financial improvement. So it relaxes prohibition. But addiction to drinking leads to weakening of the manpower which results in decrease in productivity of a nation in all the fields. A nation’s growth depends not only on financial soundness but also on moral strength. The glass door of the shop was broken into pieces. The drivers of both the lorries and the ambassador car died on the spot. It is the duty of mankind to realize it and help such people transform their life.

We should not forget that we are the real property of our nation. It causes accident also The lorry driver do drunk and drive at once broke the median after hitting an ambassador car, and went straight into the shop killing two pavement dwellers. The glass door of the shop was broken into pieces. The drivers of both the lorries and the ambassador car died on the spot. The first lorry struck against the light post pushing down the innocent cyclist injured. So we should start working to eliminate this evil.

Spend your summer vacation

I had vacation for two months, April and May. My friend who is in Madurai invited me to stay with him. So I left for Madurai on tenth of May. My friend had come to the station and took me to his house. His house was very big. There was a garden too. He took me round the garden and told me about the names of various plants. Everyday he would tell me about each plant and explain to me about its growth.

He took me to Sri Meenakshi Temple. It was a very big temple. There was a tank called golden Lotus tank in the temple. Then I visited Thirumalai Naicker Paalce. Each pillar was very huge. I wondered how big it was. The city itself was beautiful. The streets wree naked after the Tamil month. The river Vaigai is flowing there. There was no water at that time.

He took me to Chitrai Festival. I had a Darshan of Sri Alagar. There was a large gathering in the river. Then we visited the Chitrai exhibition at Tamkim Grounds. Then we visited the Gandhi Musuem where the pictures of the life and deeds of the father of our Nation were exhibited. His Father gave me valuable advice. He also taught me English in twenty days.

I returned to my town happily. We went there on a Sunday. We selected a spot the falls and kept our things there. There was not a huge crowd then. We all applied Oil on our body and stood in the falls. Water was flowing at a tremendous speed. All the oil was washed away. We enjoyed bathing in the falls. Then we ate our tiffin brought from our home.

Accidents

Last summer, I saw a fire accident in a slum near by my street. There were a hundred huts in that slum. I saw huge clouds of dark smoke passing into the sky. I was shocked but anxious to see the spot. So I ran to the slum. I saw most of the houses were consumed in fire. About fifty people got burns and were badly attacked. They were being taken to hospital by ambulance vans.

Since it was hot summer, the fire quickly spread throughout the area. I understood from the crowd that by the time the fire engine reached the spot, fifty percent of the houses had been completely charred to ashes. People gathered there and the residents poured water, and threw sand to put out the fire but in vain. Anyhow the fire troop struggled heavily and put the fire. I heard from the conversation among the public that the cause of the fire was piece of burning cigarette thrown by a drunkard.

Fire, it is a well known fact, is a good servant but a bad master. We have to be very careful with it. I saw a spine chilling accident which could not be forgotten in my life. It was not a single accident but a chain of accidents. Suddenly I heard a thundering noise when two lorries collided with each other. A lorry went out of control and hit another lorry which overtook it.

The second lorry at once broke the median after hitting an ambassador car, and went straight into the shop killing two pavement dwellers. The glass door of the shop was broken into pieces. The drivers of both the lorries and the ambassador car died on the spot. The first lorry struck against the light post pushing down the innocent cyclist injured. The crowd dispersed cursing the drivers of the lorries who had no sense of responsibility.

Human Values in Education

Education is to impart knowledge, skill, peace, understanding and gentleness. Knowledge is transformed into wisdom by good education. Schools and universities impart knowledge and develop the skills in students. The values we acheive from education must closely be linked with man’s intellect, will and heart. So education should give importance to moral values such as truth, honesty, love peace and obedience.

Acquisition of knowledge and development of skills without discipline will be of no use to humanity. So education should give importance to moral values such as truth, honesty, love peace and obedience. Character alone maketh a man. The education which moulds one’s character perfect is a good education. Respecting all the religions and serving. Schools and universities impart knowledge and develop the skills in students.

Respecting all the religions and serving one’s society for its betterment must be the basic value of education. They loss control of the body and the body ceases to function. Slowly they become a block of wood in this world. Skills such as a subject skills, technical skills, writhing and reading skills will be useless without moral values. Gentleness is one of the values explained by Sri V. K. Gokak, critic and prolific writer. It means the ability to remain calm and not to loss temper when insulted.

Cardinal Newman in his essay, ‘Gentleman’, writes that a gentleman avoids clash of opinion, clash of feelings, etc., to make life smooth around him. Skills such as a subject skills, technical skills, writhing and reading skills will be useless without moral values. Slowly they become a block of wood in this world. Gentleness is one of the values explained. People blame science for modernizing wars. Bronowsk says that science is not responsible for the existence.

Space Research in India

India has been building its own satellites and using the technical know-how from foreign countries like the USSR, U. S., Britain, France, Japan and China. The first satellite made in this county was launched in April Nineteen seventy five. The first Indian cosmonaut Sq. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma flew in space in Sayuz T. II with Russians on April three, Nineteen eighty four.

With the help of foreign scientists, it is making use of INSATs to relay TV and Radio programmes, make trunk calls, forecasting the weather and survey our natural sources.
The two INSATs I B and IC provide four thousand and three hundred two way channels for domestic trunk calls, nationwide TV and Radio broadcasting and round the clock weather monitoring.

The Indian made IRS-IA is used for remote sensing. Insat. I.D is also on its function. The Inidan Space Research Organisation(ISRO). The two INSATs I B and IC provide four thousand and three hundred two way channels for domestic trunk calls, nationwide TV and Radio broadcasting and round the clock weather monitoring. The Satellite instructional Television Experiment (SITE) programme was launched with the help.

SITE programme was launched with the help of American satellite to beam education programme in two thousand and four hundred villages launched APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment) in June Nineteen eighty one. It also launched six rockets but three failed. Out aim in space research is to help humanity and make its life comfortable.

General Election

Election is an important function in a democracy. A democratic government is formed by the people elected by the people. They work for the welfare of the people. Elections help us to elect eminent and service minded people to rule the county or a state. In each state in India there is an assembly. Member is chosen from the members who have got the majority.

He will appoint other ministers. Likewise at the centre members of parliament constitute the parliament. They are elected from each state. The Prime Minister is chosen from the party embers who have got the majority. The other ministers are chosen by the Prime Minister. Elections are conducted by the Election Commission.

General elections are held once in five years. The Parties that want to contest in the election have to get their symbols sanctioned by the election have to get their symbols sanctioned by the election commissioner. The contesting candidates have to obey the rules framed by the commission. They should not bride the voters of indulge in anti-social activities.

This should short cut way to win in the elections. At present, booth catching has become a common scene. Murders, kidnapping and bribing the voters, have also entered into the election scene. Still we need proper education to live in a democracy. Most of us have not understood the meaning and value of democracy. We have to preserve democracy as it is the best form of government.

Need for Women’s Education

In ancient times women were given due respect. But in modern days they are still Slaves to their own sext. It is very horrifying to see one woman making another her slave. It is common even in educated families. Woman now occupies high position in many fields. But women have not developed in themselves the courage.

Women have courage to stand against the evils which attack them. Most of the womenfolk in the name of superstitious beliefs spoil their lives as well as others. They have a craze for gold and silk sarees. So people exploit their weakness. Hence the womenfolk need proper education. They should be instructed about the developments made in the nation.

In certain villages female children are killed at their birth itself. They are sold to prostitutes. These are all due to their illiteracy. Such people should be educated and guided on the proper lines. In certain places girls are sent to factories and construction work as coolies. Such girls are devoid of schooling.

So education is necessary for women to meet the challenges of life bravely and liminated the innate fear of their insecurity in the world. Now one woman controls another woman indirectly. It is very horrifying to see one woman making another her slave. It is common even in educated families. Education alone will root out the evils like dowry system and gibe women a free and easy living.

Wonders of Modern Science

We are living in the space age. Man has invented many things and made our life comfortable. Modern science has yielded many things. Fast advancement has been brought about in the electronic field. Computer is a marvelous invention of the human mind. It does everything and reduces the work of man. The rocket are the fastest vehicle of all.

They have helped us to unravel the secrets of nature. In every field there is a vast improvement because of science. We can get matter printed now in a few minutes. The Television helps us to see things happening in and around the country at once. The Telephone helps us to talk to the people in far off places. Quartz watches have becomes a craze.

Electricity which was discovered by Michael Faraday is extensively used to work the machines and to increase the productivity of the nation. The Radio and the Telegraph have also been developed. Newspapers are printed in several places from the master copies at one place through satellite technology.

In our homes we use washing machines, grinders, mixies, iron gbox heaters and refrigerators. They are all the products of science. Still man has innate desire to serendipity. He is till discovering one by one and doing service to humanity. We can get matter printed now in a few minutes. The Television helps us to see things happening in and around the country at once.

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are international athletie competition conducted every four years. Usually athletes from various parts of Greece would assemble in Olympia and conduct games. The Greeks developed their body as well as mind. The first recorded Olympic Games were in seven hundred and seventy six B. C and they continued till AD three hundred and ninety four.

It was banned by the Roman Emperor, Theodosius. It was revived by a French nobleman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic motto is ‘Swiffer, Higher, Stronger’ The Olympic committee has framed the rules and regulations. Every participating county can make entries for three games. There are three medals give to the winners, gold for the first.

Silver for the second and bronze for the third. The first Olympic games were conducted in Athens. The winter Olympics include competitions in skiing speed and figure skating, ice hockey and bob sledding. The summer games of the Olympics include, foot races, the pantathelon, wrestling, boxing, horse races, polevault, high jump, swimming.

Weight lifting, and Gymnastics. About hundred and fifty countries participate in these games. Of them, the U.S.A., G.D.R., and English are the top rankers. XXIV Olympic games were held in Seoul in Nineteen eighty eight. They bring about international integration through sports and games.

Role of woman in free India

Now the status of woman has improved a lot. The Poet Bharathi has said women are equally strong and intelligent as me. Today we see women occupy many a high post both in the government and in private establishments. They have also joined police forces. Some are engineers, some doctors and some scientists. Some are engineers.

Population statistics show they outnumber men. Every year among – successful candidates women outnumber men. So illiteracy among womenfolk has been reduced to some extent. The womenfolk who have risen to such a high level have not become mentally matured. Their life insecure. They have insecure. They have to yield to men’s astrocities.

They are the main cause of the existence of Dowry System. They believe in superstition more than in men. They have greater craze for jewels and silk sarees. Women are cheated in many ways. Even in certain villages in India, the female children are killed immediately after their birth. They are treated very badly in their houses. Dues respect is not given to them.

Even in educated families such a condition exists. Certain girl students and women labourers become addicted to drugs, tobacco and drinks. Hence women have a major role to uplift their section. The fear in them is to be eliminated. They women who occupy high position, with the help of women’s association have to work for the freedom of women in the county and help them enjoy happy life.

Unemployment Problem

An unemployed person is a person who is willing and able to work but denied the job. It is a curse and calamity. It results in starvation in his family and wastage of man power. It reduces the national income of a country. It leads to poverty and inequality and the growth of antisocial elements. This problem is due increase in rate of growth.

It estimated that one out of every ten able bodied men are unemployed in our county. There are different kinds of unemployment such as seasonal unemployment structural unemployment, technological unemployment structural, cyclical unemployment, chronic unemployment and disguised unemployment.

In our county it can be classified as rural unemployment and urban unemployment. This problem is due to tremendous increase in the rate of growth of population, pressure of population on land, backward nature of cultivation, tendency towards automation, and lack of good and proper education.

There is obviously no single solution for it. Different methods are to be adopted. Creating avenues for more jobs. Rapid expansion of family planning methods, Setting up of small scale units, Expansion of public and private sector and introducing vocation education will solve problem. It cannot be completely eradicated in India. With the adoption of food and flexible policies it can be minimized.

National Integration

India is a land of different cultures and traditions. There are Twenty Six states formed on the basis of the languages spoken by the people. There are many sections in each community. But we find unity among the diversified elements. It is a surprising fact to find such an integration in India. Without the spirit of integrity India cannot be developed.

India is able to withstand the attacks both from outside and from inside because of such integration inherent in India. The political set up itself helps such integration. Hindi is used as a common link language. India respects all faiths equally. It is a secular county which gives concessions to the minority community in order to uplift them.

The center has started many integration camps for both the school and the college students. In such camps students drawn from different states exchange their cultures and customs and live a community life. The media like T.V., Radio, etc., focus their programmes on national integration. Love is the basic principle which brings all the people under one roof.

India strives hard to eliminate casteism in the country and bring about oneness among the people. ‘All are brothers and sisters’ is our motto. Love is the basic principle which brings all the people under one roof. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi, brought freedom to India only with love and nonviolence. We have to follow his path to strengthen the integration.

Means of Transport in the Twentieth century

Now we are live in the Space Age. Transport has undergone many changes so far. It is an essential means to move from one place to another. We need transport facilities for traveling, attending offices, carrying goods and sending goods to different places. Different modes of transport have come into use now.

We use buses, cars, vans trains and aeroplanes for our traveling. Air planes are the fastest medium of transport. They are constructed according to the needs of the passengers. We have also now with us fast moving trains. It has become a common place happening to go to far off places in a shorter time. Buses of ordinary and deluxe types are running on the roads.

Throughout India buses ply all over the routes. Perfect roads have been laid throughout India. Now the journey is more comfortable than that of twenty years ago. Lorries of different types are used to carry goods throughout India. Trains and Airplanes are also used to carry are goods. The goods Services by railways are essential now for industries.

Lorries of different types are used to carry goods throughout India. Trains and Airplanes are also used to carry are goods. The goods Services by railways are essential now for industries. Industries send their manufactures goods through trains. Besides Autorickshaws, mopeds, motorbikes of different types are on the roads for helping the public. It is not an exaggeration to say that Transport system has been improves a lot.

Students’ Indiscipline

It is an accepted fact that there is growing indicipline in our educational insititutions. It worries all kinds of people. It tell upon our education system. The cause for indiscipline are be many. They obscenity exhibited in the commercial film has corroded our younger generation. The classes in schools and colleges are overcrowded.

The teacher is not able to exercise much influence of them. Personal contact between the teacher and the student is decreasing. With the changing trends in the society, teachers have lost their respect. Moreover the education that they receive does appealing. The intrusion of politicians and the involvement of students in political activities affect the general smooth run of the institution.

The remedial measures are as follows: They should be given job oriented education. With the changing trends in the society, teachers have lost their respect. Moreover the education that they receive does appealing. They should have a faith in the education and be taught in such a way as to meet the challenges of their future.

Students should be well informed about the conditions and resources of our nation. Qualities like a sense of responsibility, devotion to work, respect for all religions should be inculcated to the students. The examination system should be revamped in order to make them concentrate on their academic subject. Such changes would help to divert students to academic lines.

Village life and Town life – a comparison

Living in this earth is not an easy job. Our India is a land of villages. Life in villages is entirely different from that in Towns. It is said that life in Towns is equal to the life in hell but the village life is like the life in heaven. In Town people do not have proper food, shelter and clothing. The sanitary condition in Towns is poor.

Since Town have many industries the are polluted to a greater extent. So chronic diseases are common. In general people are not happy. Many have migrated from villages to towns with a view to get employment. Since they don’t get sufficient income, they live in slums or on platforms and suffer in the midst of unhygienic surroundings.

In villages life is easy and free. They can get air free from pollution. They have no accommodation problem and food problem. Life in villages is entirely different from that in Towns. It is said that life in Towns is equal to the life in hell but the village life is like the life in heaven. In Town people do not have proper food, shelter and clothing. They are happier than those in Towns.

They are free from Tension of different kinds which attach the Town people. Nowadays all the facilities enjoyed by the town people have reached the villages too. Even town people select their living spot far away from the town in order to be free from polluted atmosphere. So village life is better than Town life.

The Dowry System

Every human being has come to this earth to enjoy its beauty and learn to live with others happily. But most of them think that they are permanent settlers of this world and they should encroach its land and earn a lot of money. As a result of it, selfishness, jealousy, and greed occupy their minds. Every individual wants to posses what the other has.

Another evil the society has is treating the womenfolk as slaves. All such thoughts have brought the evil, the dowri system in the society. Dowri system has been followed only in the royal families not on the basis of compulsion. Two such families exchanges their valuables as a foundation for friendship. But this has slowly corrupted the poor and exploited them. The wore of its is that it has resulted in deaths.

A bride is considered as Goddess Lakshmi or an Angel by all families. But if the bride does not bring gold, silver and money, she is done to death. Who does it Many such cases reveal that women are behind dowri system. When a society strives for the uplift of women on one side, they start destroying their own set on the other side, all thanks to their greed for gold. That is why Edwin Muir says in his poem, ‘Castle,’ ‘We have no arms to fight it with’.

The Central Government has passed laws to imprison the victims. Social organizations educated the people about it. Films and Television kendras project this the evil effectively. Despite all this evil persists because people fail to repack their own kith and kin. Every individual is important in this world. Live and let live should be one’s motto. ‘All men are brothers and sisters’ are Gandhiji’s words. One should not desire for another’s property as desire is the root of all evils. So the evil, the dowri system should be rooted out.

Merits and demerits of cinema

Cinemas is a powerful medium of communication. It occupies every section of humanity. It appeals to both the eyes and the ears. But people use this medium for recreative purposes. The sight of the crowds at the theatres on the day of the release of new films will show how crazy the people are for cinema.Human beings of course need recreation after hard work.

Cinema is valuable medium. It should be used for the development of humanity. It helps the people know about the different places of a county and live of different places of a country and lives of different people. Films have also been prepared to educate the masses. It gives us clearer and more vivid knowledge than books. It is useful for mass education and for bringing about social reforms in a shorter period.

But most of the people are interested in commercial and entertaining films. Cinema will be advantageous if it is used intelligently. It gives us clearer and more vivid knowledge than books. It is useful for mass education and for bringing about social reforms in a shorter period. Social evils like untouchability, dowry systems, drinking, casteism, drug addiction can be effectively depicted through films.

The disadvantages of cinema are caused by the misuse of it. Some give importance to crime and sex. They pollute young minds and spoil their character. People believe the action characterized in films and follow them in their real life. Since it is a more effective medium we have to be terribly cautious about the nature of films released nowadays. So cinema should be used only for our growth, nor four our destruction.

Audio Visual Education

In the modern world one should make use of the fruits of scientific advancement for one’s growth. Education is the field where science has a main support. The present day education needs changes. It should make learner properly informed about him and his surroundings. Knowledge cannot be acquired within the four walls.

A teacher cannot demonstrate everything in the classroom. Moreover, we know the proverb ‘Seeing is believing’. With that point in view teaching is supplemented with the audio visual aids such as, radio, Television, film projector, slide projector, overhead projector, VCR and computer. All these aids have their own limitations.

But if a teacher used it to make his teaching effective, they will be of immense use. Many education programmes are broadcast through radio, for all classes. Television kendras also telecast programmes for children as well as for adults Now we have facilities for recording important programmes. Such recording can be used further to strengthen the memory of the learner.

A society can also be educated in the matters regarding the personal life and social life, and the modern developments in the fields like medicine, agriculture, industry and electronics. The audio visual aids are useful for such services. In general, nothing can replace man power. But these inventions should be used in such a way that both the individual and the nation grow hand in hand.

Job oriented Education (or) Vocational education

A great scholar said life is education and education is life! James Masefield states, one should learn to laugh away worries. Experience is gained by practice in the field in which one is placed. A perfect experience comes to one who has received a good education. Knowledge acquired without good education is useless. Education should help meet the challenges of life.

It should make the learner well disciplined, well informed about him and his surroundings and accommodate himself to others. Bookish knowledge is harmful to the learner. So work oriented education should be introduced in the curriculum. The society should decide what type of people it requires. According to its need, the schools and colleges should prepare students giving varieties of work.

The experience gained in such academic institutions makes a student free from the innate fear of future. It gives him courage to meet the problems of the society. It strengthens both the hand and the mind. If the students are engaged in such a way, it prevents them from being lazy and involving themselves in agitation. First of all, the younger generation will become the real nation builders of a country.

It encourages them to stand on legs and start a new industry or a new factory. As a result the economic conditions of a nation will become better. It also eliminates the unemployment problem as it gives way to self employment schemes. So work or job oriented education integrated the diversified elements in the society. It is the basic idea of our New Education Policy.

Electricity in the service of Mankind

Michael Faraday invented electricity through the principle of induction. A magnet induces electric current on the copper coil. This is used to generate electricity. Electricity is nowadays produced by three methods, hydro electric system, thermo electric system and Atomic Power System. Even solar energy is used to generate electricity.

Electricity is essential to humanity. It has made our life comfortable. Thomas Alva Edison invented electric bulb. His invention has illuminated each and every house. Many household activities like sweeping, washing, cooking, ironing clothes, etc can be done by it. Heaters, grinders and electric ovens are used now. They save time.

Industries are factories use electricity to run the machines. Articles such as Radio, Television, VCR, Tape Recorders, Film Projector are run by electricity. They entertain and educate us. Low voltage is used in electric field. This field has grown extensively in a short period. Computer is the latest electrical device which has conquered man. If a minute goes without electricity, people suffer a lot.

It is an indispensable invention. To communicate with people in far off places we use Telephone and Telegraph. So it unites the world. Air-conditioning and refrigeration is also done by electricity. It has helped men to produce new synthetic materials. We have sophisticated electrical equipments to study human organs. So electricity helps humanity for its physical and mental development.

Adult Education

Man is social animal. He can’t live without the help of others. For his every movement, he has to depend on others. So out life in this world is an interdependent one. A society consists of people like engineers, scientist, doctors, lawyers, teachers, workers, traders, coolies etc. All have to work together for the betterment society.

All have to work together for the betterment of society. If the people are educated in a society, they will safeguard the society because education is an allround development of the body, mind and soul. Today Japan, a small county, has grown into a well developed one because of proper education. In India most of the people are illiterate.

In the modern scientific world none should be left uneducated. So government has launched many programmes for adult education. Uneducated grown ups are taught in schools in the evening. Besides teaching alphabets they are also taught to meet the challenges of life. Television centres also do a good service to educate them.

The Centre and the state have allotted sufficient money to eliminate illiteracy. Voluntary agencies also do service for this cause. Moreover every uneducated human being is a burden to a society. So each educated individual should teach another illiterate person. If such service continues, the whole nation will grow into a well developed one. In the modern scientific world, illiteracy is cause. So we should work for its removal.

Television and Education

Television is one of the marvels of science. It was invented by the scientist, Baird. It produces pictures as well as sound. It appeals to both our ears and eyes. It entertains, enlightens and enlivens us. It is a great boon to humanity. A teacher can make the best use of the television to make his teaching effective. Television is the easiest means of communication.

The teacher can use it to make pupils understand some difficult can use it to make the pupils understand some difficult concepts in science, in real life, in commerce and so on. It entertains, enlightens and enlivens us. It is a great boon to humanity. A teacher can make the best use of the television to make his teaching effective.

It educated farmers, and illiterate by special programmes. It telecast special programmes for various types of people-businessmen, teachers, housewives, labourers, etc and for people of different ages – children, middle aged and old people. It also telecast news with live shots more quickly than other agencies.

Programmes such as plays, cartoons, feature films, concerts and light music entertain us. It is the duty of mankind to make judicious use of the television. It should not be used only for entertainment. It is a powerful medium of education. So it should by used intelligently for the growth of humanity. It appeals to both our ears and eyes. It entertains, enlightens and enlivens us.

Social workers

Social work is a discipline, profession and social science involving the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and societies. It incorporates and uses other social sciences as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society's response to chronic problems. Social work is a profession committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the enhancement of the quality of life, and to the development of the full potential of each individual, group and community in the society.

It seeks to simultaneously address and resolve social issues at every level of society and economic status, but especially among the poor and sick. Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. They work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities. Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to deal with poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions.

The current state of social work professional development is characterized by two realities. There is a great deal of traditional social and psychological research (both qualitative and quantitative) being carried out primarily by university-based researchers and by researchers based in institutes, foundations, or social service agencies. Meanwhile, many social work practitioners continue to look to their own experience for knowledge. This is a continuation of the debate that has persisted since the outset of the profession in the first decade of the twentieth century.

One reason for the gap between information obtained through practice, as opposed to through research, is that practitioners deal with situations that are unique and idiosyncratic, while research concentrates on similarities. The combining of these two types of knowledge is often imperfect. A hopeful development for bridging this gap is the compilation, in many practice fields, of collections of "best practices" which attempt to distill research findings and the experience of respected practitioners into effective practice techniques.

Administrator

Administrators, commonly known as admins and also called sysops (system operators), are Wikipedia editors who have been entrusted access to restricted technical features ("tools") which help with maintenance. For example, administrators can protect and delete pages, block other editors, and undo these actions as well. (For a more complete list, see Wikipedia:Administrators/Tools.)

In the very early days, all users functioned as administrators, and in principle they still should. From early on, it has been pointed out that administrators should never develop into a special subgroup of the community but should be a part of the community like anyone else. Generally, the maintenance and administration of Wikipedia can be conducted by anyone, without the specific technical functions granted to administrators.

One important caveat is that an administrator who has interacted with a user or article in an administrative role (i.e., in order to address a dispute, problematic conduct, administrative assistance, outside advice/opinion, enforce a policy, and the like) or whose actions on an article are minor, obvious, and do not speak to bias, is usually not prevented from acting on the article, user, or dispute.

This is because one of the roles of administrators is precisely to deal with such matters and if necessary, continue dealing with them. That said, an administrator may still wish to pass such a matter to another administrator as "best practice" in some cases (although not required to). Or, they may wish to be absolutely sure that no concerns will "stick", in certain exceptional cases.

Quality Controller

In engineering and manufacturing, quality control and quality engineering are used in developing systems to ensure products or services are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements. These systems are often developed in conjunction with other business and engineering disciplines using a cross-functional approach. Quality control is that branch of engineering and manufacturing.

Which deals with the assurance and failure testing in design and production of products or services,to meet or exceed customer requirements. Quality assurance covers all activities from design, development, production, installation, servicing and documentation. This introduced the rules: "fit for purpose" and "do it right the first time".

It includes the regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components; services related to production; and management, production, and inspection processes. Many organizations use statistical process control to bring the organization to Six Sigma levels of quality, in other words, so that the likelihood of an unexpected failure is confined to six standard deviations on the normal distribution. This probability is less than four one-millionths.

Items controlled often include clerical tasks such as order-entry as well as conventional manufacturing tasks. Traditional statistical process controls in manufacturing operations usually proceed by randomly sampling and testing a fraction of the output. Variances of critical tolerances are continuously tracked, and manufacturing processes are corrected before bad parts can be produced.

Trouble shooter

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving most often applied to repair of failed products or processes. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem so that it can be solved, and so the product or process can be made operational again. Troubleshooting is needed to develop and maintain complex systems where the symptoms of a problem can have many possible causes. Troubleshooting is used in many fields such as engineering, system administration, electronics, automotive repair, and diagnostic medicine. Troubleshooting requires identification of the malfunction(s) or symptoms within a system.

Then, experience is commonly used to generate possible causes of the symptoms. Determining which cause is most likely is often a process of elimination - eliminating potential causes of a problem. Finally, troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the product or process to its working state. In general, troubleshooting is the identification of, or diagnosis of "trouble" in a system caused by a failure of some kind. The problem is initially described as symptoms of malfunction, and troubleshooting is the process of determining the causes of these symptoms.

A system can be described in terms of its expected, desired or intended behavior (usually, for artificial systems, its purpose). Events or inputs to the system are expected to generate specific results or outputs. (For example selecting the "print" option from various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy emerging from some specific device). Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a symptom. Troubleshooting is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of the symptom. Frequently the symptom is a failure of the product or process to produce any results.

Most discussion of troubleshooting, and especially training in formal troubleshooting procedures, tends to be domain specific, even though the basic principles are universally applicable. Usually troubleshooting is applied to something that has suddenly stopped working, since its previously working state forms the expectations about its continued behavior. So the initial focus is often on recent changes to the system or to the environment in which it exists. (For example a printer that "was working when it was plugged in over there"). However, there is a well known principle that correlation does not imply causality. (For example the failure of a device shortly after it's been plugged into a different outlet doesn't necessarily mean that the events were related. The failure could have been a matter of coincidence.) Therefore troubleshooting demands critical thinking rather than magical thinking.

Web designer

Web design is the skill of designing hypertext presentations of content that is delivered to an end-user through the World Wide Web, by way of a Web browser or other Web-enabled software like Internet television clients, microblogging clients and RSS readers. Web pages and Web sites can be static pages, or can be programmed to be dynamic pages that automatically adapt content or visual appearance depending on a variety of factors, such as input from the end-user, input from the Webmaster or changes in the computing environment (such as the site's associated database having been modified).

With growing specialization within communication design and information technology fields, there is a strong tendency to draw a clear line between web design specifically for web pages and web development for the overall logistics of all web-based services. A web site is a collection of information about a particular topic or subject. Designing a web site is defined as the arrangement and creation of web pages that in turn make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page.

There are many aspects (design concerns) in this process, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new aspects may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the goals may vary depending on the desired exposure and response. Some designers choose to control the appearance of the elements on the screen by using specific width designations. This control may be achieved in HTML through the use of (now disparaged) table-based design or more modern (and standard) div-based design, usually enhanced (and made more flexible) with CSS. When the text, images, and layout do not vary among browsers, this is referred to as fixed-width design. Advocates of fixed-width design argue for the designers' precise control over the layout of a site and the placement of objects within pages.

Other designers choose a more liquid approach, one which arranges content flexibly on users' screens, responding to the size of their browsers' windows. For better or worse, they concede to users more control over the rendition of their work. Proponents of liquid design prefer greater compatibility with users' various choices of presentation and more efficient use of the screen space available. Liquid design can be achieved by setting the width of text blocks and page modules to a percentage of the page, or by avoiding specifying the width for these elements altogether, allowing them to expand or contract naturally in accordance with the width of the browser.

It is more in keeping with the original concept of HTML, that it should specify, not the appearance of text, but its contextual function, leaving the rendition to be decided by users' various display devices. Web page designers (of both types) must consider how their pages will appear on various screen resolutions. Sometimes the most pragmatic choice is to allow text width to vary between minimum and maximum values. This allows designers to avoid considering rare users' equipment while still taking good advantage of available screen space.

Proof reader

Proof-reading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. Modern proofreading often requires reading copy at earlier stages as well. A proof copy is a version of a manuscript that has been typeset after copy-editing. Proof typescripts often contain typographical errors introduced by mistyping (hence the word typo to refer to misplaced, missing or incorrect characters). Traditionally, a proofreader checks the typeset copy and marks any errors using standard proof correction marks (such as those specified in style manuals, by house style, or, more broadly, by the international standard.

The term proofreading is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to copy-editing. This is a separate activity, although there is some overlap between the two. Proofreading consists of reviewing any text, either hard copy on paper or electronic copy on a computer, and checking for typos and formatting errors. This may be done either against an original document or "blind" (without checking against any other source). Many modern proofreaders are also required to take on some light copy-editing duties, such as checking for grammar and consistency issues.

A typographical error (shortened as typo) is a mistake made during, originally, the manual type-setting (typography) of printed material, or more recently, the typing process. The term includes errors due to mechanical failure or slips of the hand or finger, but excludes errors of ignorance. Before the arrival of printing, the "copyist's mistake" was the equivalent for manuscripts. Most typos involve simple duplication, omission, transposition, or substitution of a small number of characters.

Though the term "typo" excludes errors of ignorance, it is common to find it used as a euphemism to describe instances of poor spelling, punctuation, or grammar, such as accidentally typing a homophone.When using a typewriter without correction tape, typos are commonly overstruck with another character such as a slash. This saves the typist the trouble of retyping the entire page to eliminate the error, but as evidence of the typo remains, it is not aesthetically pleasing. In instant messaging, users often send messages in haste and only afterwards notice the typo. It is common practice to correct the typo by sending a subsequent message where an asterisk precedes or follows the correct word.

Team leader

A team leader is someone (or in certain cases there may be multiple team leaders) who provides guidance, instruction, direction, leadership to a group of other individuals (the team) for the purpose of achieving a key result or group of aligned results. The team-leader monitors the quantitative and qualitative result that is to be achieved. The leader works with the team membership.

It is often important to note that the team membership may not directly report or answer to the team-leader, (who is very often a senior member of the organization but may or may not be a manager) but would be expected to provide support to the team leader and other team members in achieving the team's goals. A good team leader listens constructively to the membership and to the customer(s) of the results that the team is charged with delivering.

A good team leader prioritizes issues that need to be tackled and helps to identify responsible members within the team to carry out those tasks. A good team leader will coach, direct, support or delegate as is appropriate, the individual members in order that they are best enabled to deliver the necessary results. Regular reviews are held depending on the nature of the issue that the team is responsible for.

A team comprises a group of people or animals linked in a common purpose. Teams are especially appropriate for conducting tasks that are high in complexity and have many interdependent subtasks. A group in itself does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize his or her strengths and minimize his or her weaknesses. A group can be defined as two or more humans that interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. By this definition, society can be viewed as a large group, though most social groups are considerably smaller.

Sportsman

Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid the first international matches were being held. Today, the sport is played in more than countries. It is estimated that more than two billion people watched the last Cricket World Cup

If a batsman "retires" (usually due to injury) and cannot return, he is actually "not out" and his retirement does not count as a dismissal, though in effect he has been dismissed because his innings is over. Substitute batsmen are not allowed. A skilled batsman can use a wide array of "shots" or "strokes" in both defensive and attacking mode. The idea is to hit the ball to best effect with the flat surface of the bat's blade.

If the ball touches the side of the bat it is called an "edge". Batsmen do not always seek to hit the ball as hard as possible, and a good player can score runs just by making a deft stroke with a turn of the wrists or by simply "blocking" the ball but directing it away from fielders so that he has time to take a run. The primary concern of the batsman on strike (i.e., the "striker") is to prevent the ball hitting the wicket and secondarily to score runs by hitting the ball with his bat so that he and his partner have time to run from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball.

To register a run, both runners must touch the ground behind the crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batsmen carry their bats as they run). Each completed run increments the score. The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batsman, who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling: "yes", "no" and "wait" are often heard.

Wrestling

Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is a non-competitive professional sport, where matches are prearranged by the promotion's booking staff, and is also considered an athletic performing art, containing strong elements of catch wrestling, mock combat and theatre. It has origins in carnival sideshows and music halls in the late century as part of displays of athletics and strength. Modern professional wrestling usually features striking and grappling techniques, which are modeled after diverse sets of wrestling and pugilistic styles from around the world.

The nature of professional wrestling is only one of the many differences it has with traditional wrestling. There is no governing authority for professional wrestling rules, although there is a general standard which has developed. Each promotion has their own variation, but all are similar enough to avoid confusion. Any rule described here is simply a standard, and may or may not correspond exactly with any given promotion's ruleset.

Each match is assigned a referee, who is the final arbitrator. (In multi-man lucha libre matches, two referees are used, one inside the ring and one outside.) Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is than an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.

This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, but special guest referees may be used from time to time; by virtue of their celebrity status, they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact.

Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring (though in kayfabe, the mats do not offer much protection.

Weaving

Weaving is the textile art in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the filling or weft (older woof), are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth. The warp threads run lengthways of the piece of cloth, and the weft runs across from side to side. Cloth is woven on a loom, a device for holding the warp threads in place while the filling threads are woven through them. Weft is an old English word meaning "that which is woven".

The manner in which the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is known as the weave. The three basic weaves are plain weave, satin weave, and twill, and the majority of woven products are created with one of these weaves.Woven cloth can be plain (in one color or a simple pattern), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs, including tapestries. Fabric in which the warp and/or weft is tie-dyed before weaving is called ikat.

The ancient art of handweaving, along with hand spinning, remains a popular craft. The majority of commercial fabrics in the West are woven on computer-controlled Jacquard looms. In the past, simpler fabrics were woven on dobby looms, while the Jacquard harness adaptation was reserved for more complex patterns. Some believe the efficiency of the Jacquard loom, with its Jacquard weaving process, makes it more economical for mills to use them to weave all of their fabrics, regardless of the complexity of the design.

In general, weaving involves the interlacing of two sets of threads at right angles to each other: the warp and the weft. The warp are held taut and in parallel order, typically by means of a loom, though some forms of weaving may use other methods. The loom is warped (or dressed) with the warp threads passing through heddles on two or more harnesses. The warp threads are moved up or down by the harnesses creating a space called the shed. The weft thread is wound onto spools called bobbins. The bobbins are placed in a shuttle which carries the weft thread through the shed.

Typist

Typing is the process of inputting text into a device, such as a typewriter, computer, or a calculator, by pressing keys on a keyboard. It can be distinguished from other means of input, such as the use of pointing devices like the computer mouse, and text input via speech recognition. User interface features such as spell checker, autocomplete and autoreplace serve to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors the typist may make.

The basic technique stands in contrast to search and peck typing as the typist keeps their eyes on the source copy at all times. Touch typing also involves the use of the home row method, where typists keep their wrists up, rather than resting them on a desk or keyboard as this can cause carpal tunnel syndrome. To avoid this, typists using this method should sit up tall leaning slightly forward from the waist, place their feet flat on the floor in front of them with one foot slightly in front of the other, keeping their elbows close to their sides with their forearms slanted slightly upward to the keyboard, fingers should be curved slightly resting on the home row (asdfjkl;).

Many touch typists also use keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys when typing on a computer. This allows them to edit their document without having to take their hands off the keyboard to use a mouse. An example of a keyboard shortcut is touching the Control key plus the S key to save your copy as you type or the Control key plus the Z key to undo a mistake. Many experienced typists can feel or sense when they've made an error and can hit the backspace key and make the correction without missing a beat.

Search and peck (two-fingered typing or peck and run) is a common form of typing, in which the typist must find and press each key individually. This is almost always considerably slower than touch typing. Instead of relying on the memorized position of keys, the typist must find each key by sight. Use of this method may also prevent the typist from being able to see what has been typed without glancing away from the keys. Although good accuracy may be achieved, any typing errors that are made may not be noticed immediately, if at all. There is also the disadvantage that because fewer fingers are used, they are forced to move a much greater distance

Translator

Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the "source text," and the language that it is to be translated into is called the "target language"; the final product is sometimes called the "target text."

Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process; such a word-for-word translation, however, cannot take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms.

On the other hand, inter-linguistic spillages have also served the useful purpose of importing calques and loanwords from a source language into a target language that had previously lacked a concept or a convenient expression for the concept. Translators and interpreters, professional as well as amateur, have thus played an important role in the evolution of languages and cultures.

Newcomers to translation sometimes proceed as if translation were an exact science — as if consistent, one-to-one correlations existed between the words and phrases of different languages, rendering translations fixed and identically reproducible, much as in cryptography. Such novices may assume that all that is needed to translate a text is to "encode" and "decode" equivalents between the two languages, using a translation dictionary as the "codebook.

Another common misconception is that anyone who can speak a second language will make a good translator. In the translation community, it is generally accepted that the best translations are produced by persons who are translating into their own native languages, as it is rare for someone who has learned a second language to have total fluency in that language. A good translator understands the source language well, has specific experience in the subject matter of the text, and is a good writer in the target language. Moreover, he is not only bilingual but bicultural.

Tinker

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the workpieces.


Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, eye damage, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.
To supply the electrical energy necessary for arc welding processes, a number of different power supplies can be used.

The most common welding power supplies are constant current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the length of the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the current. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies. This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate.

The type of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, the base metal will be hotter, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds. Nonconsumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current, as well as alternating current. However, with direct current, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds.

Tailor

A tailor is a person whose occupation is to sew and scissor menswear style jackets and the skirts or trousers that go with them. Although the term dates to the thirteenth century, tailor took on its modern sense in the late eighteenth century, and now refers to makers of men's and women's suits, coats, trousers, and similar garments, usually of wool, linen, or silk.

The term refers to a set of specific hand and machine sewing and pressing techniques that are unique to the construction of traditional jackets. Retailers of tailored suits often take their services internationally, travelling to various cities, allowing the client to be measured locally. Traditional tailoring is called bespoke tailoring in the United Kingdom, where the heart of the trade is in London's Savile Row, and custom tailoring in the United States and Hong Kong.

This is unlike made to measure which uses pre existing patterns. A bespoke garment or suit is completely original and unique to each customer. A tailor is a person whose occupation is to sew and scissor menswear style jackets and the skirts or trousers that go with them. Although the term dates to the thirteenth century, tailor took on its modern sense in the late eighteenth century, and now refers to makers of men's and women's suits, coats, trousers, and similar garments, usually of wool, linen, or silk.

The term refers to a set of specific hand and machine sewing and pressing techniques that are unique to the construction of traditional jackets. Retailers of tailored suits often take their services internationally, travelling to various cities, allowing the client to be measured locally. Traditional tailoring is called bespoke tailoring in the United Kingdom, where the heart of the trade is in London's Savile Row, and custom tailoring in the United States and Hong Kong. This is unlike made to measure which uses pre existing patterns. A bespoke garment or suit is completely original and unique to each customer.

Surveyor

Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

An alternative definition, per the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points and/or details.

Furthermore, as alluded to above, a particular type of surveying known as "land surveying" (also per ACSM) is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment of cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence, as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats/maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation.

Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

Surgeon

In medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether human or animal, for a specific reason such to remove a diseased organ or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be medical doctors, dentists, podiatrists or veterinarians, however most commonly the word surgeon refers to a medical doctor. In earlier times, they were also people trained solely in removing bladder stones, but at the present day specialised practitioners would have first been trained in one of the professions already mentioned.

Minimally invasive procedures such as the procedures of interventional radiology are sometimes described as "minimally invasive surgery." The field traditionally described as interventional neuroradiology, for instance, is increasingly called neurointerventional surgery. Surgery (from the Greek: cheirourgikē, via Latin: chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason.

An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply surgery. In this context, the verb operating means performing surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery; e.g. surgical instruments or surgical nurse. The patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who performs operations on patients.

Persons described as surgeons are commonly medical practitioners, but the term is also applied to podiatric physicians, dentists and veterinarians. Surgery can last from minutes to hours, but is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian.

Journalist

A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues, and people while striving for viewpoints that aren't biased. Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet.

Reporters find sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are often expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good. A columnist is a journalist who writes pieces that appear regularly in newspapers or magazines. Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.

Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers. Reporters gather their information in a variety of ways, including tips, press releases, sources (individuals with newsworthy information) and witnessing events. They perform research through interviews, public records, and other sources.

The information-gathering part of the job is sometimes called "reporting" as distinct from the production part of the job, such as writing articles. Reporters generally split their time between working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interview people. Most reporters working for major news media outlets are assigned an area to focus on, called a beat or patch. They are encouraged to cultivate sources to improve their information gathering.

Registrar

A registrar is an official keeper of records. In education outside the United Kingdom, a registrar or registrary is an official in an academic institution (a college, university, or secondary school) who handles student records. Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and keeps a permanent record of grades and marks.

In most Universities in the United Kingdom, the Registrar is the head of the University's administration. The role is usually combined with that of Secretary of the University's governing bodies and in these cases, the full title will often be "Registrar and Secretary" (or "Secretary and Registrar") to reflect these dual roles. The University of Cambridge, England uses the archaic spelling of "Registrary" for this office.

Various grades of professional academic-related staff perform senior administrative and managerial roles in such universities on behalf of the Registrar or Head of Department and head subsections of the administration. Titles afforded to such staff include Academic Registrar, Assistant Registrar, Senior Assistant Registrar and Principal Assistant Registrar.

The registrar of companies for England, Wales & Scotland deals with all filings relating to the Companies Act, ensuring the document filings are kept up-to-date and deals with any breaches in the Companies Act. The Registrar Of Companies for England & Wales is Mrs. Claire Clancy, who is based at Companies House, Cardiff. The Registrar of Companies for Scotland is Dorothy Blair who is based at Companies House, Edinburgh.

Manager

Most commonly, the term general manager refers to any executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a company's income statement. This is often referred to as Profit & Loss (P&L) responsibility. This means that a general manager usually oversees most or all of the firm's marketing and sales functions as well as the day-to-day operations of the business. Frequently, the general manager is also responsible for leading or coordinating the strategic planning functions of the company.

In hotels, the General Manager is the executive manager responsible for the overall operation of a hotel establishment. The General Manager holds ultimate authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a corporate office or hotel owner. Common duties of a General Manager include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel staff, budgeting and financial management, creating and enforcing business objectives and goals, managing projects and renovations, management of emergencies and other major issues involving guests, employees, or the facility, public relations with the media, local governments, and other businesses, and many additional duties.

The extent of duties of a hotel General Manager vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company; for example, General Managers of smaller hotels may have additional duties such as accounting, human resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would usually be handled by other managers or departments in a larger hotel. In many cases, the general manager of a business is given a different formal title or titles. Most corporate managers holding the titles of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or President, for example, are the general managers of their respective businesses. More rarely, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operating Officer (COO), or Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) will act as the general manager of the business.
Depending on the company, individuals with the title Managing Director, Regional Vice President, Country Manager, Product Manager, Branch Manager or Segment Manager may also have general management responsibilities. In consumer products companies, general managers are often given the title Brand Manager or Category Manager. In professional services firms, the general manager may hold titles such as Managing Partner, Senior Partner, or Managing Director.

Plumber

The word plumber dates from the Roman Empire. In Roman times, some roofs were made of lead, or plumbum in Latin (hence the periodic table of the elements symbol of 'Pb' for lead). Lead roofs were waterproof, and the workers on such roofs were what are now called "plumbers". Roman baths later used lead for piping and for the main baths. Thus, a person with expertise in working with lead was known as a Plumbarius, eventually shortened to plumber.

Plumbers in the United Kingdom undertake the installation of domestic internal hot and cold water pipe work, sanitary fittings and related soil and waste pipe work systems. Domestic, commercial and industrial gas-fired (central) heating installation, servicing and repair works, and works related to all other gas fired appliances, although done by plumbers, may also involve other trades such as pipe fitters, gas fitters etc.

Oil fired heating appliance installation, servicing and maintenance works must be undertaken by OFTEC registered individuals and companies in order to operate in the UK. Air conditioning is a separate trade in the UK. Plumbers install and repair pipes, fittings, fixtures, and other plumbing equipment used for water distribution, waste water disposal, and venting in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings.

Many plumbers begin their careers in plumbing as helpers to established plumbers; others enter formal training institutes. A plumber is a tradesperson who specialises in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, sewage, drainage, or industrial process plant piping. Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed. A Master Plumber has demonstrated mastery of the trade of plumbing. The Master Plumber may have worked in a single area of the trade or may have experience in multiple areas of the plumbing trade.

Painter

A painter and decorator is a tradesman responsible for the painting and decorating of buildings such as houses, and is also known as a decorator or house painter. The brush and the roller are the tools most readily associated with the painter. Recent advances in manufacture have led to a standardization of brushes, with many older brushes falling from fashion.

The airless spray gun is the latest tool in the painter's closet. It's powered by an electric, pneumatic or fuel powered motor which pumps paint through a hose into a gun which atomizes the paint to a fine spray. Graco is the leading manufacturer of this type of spray gun and equipment for contractors. With the airless spray gun it's possible to paint extremely large areas of surface in a short time.

The ground brush, also known as a pound brush, was a round or elliptical brush bound by wire, cord or metal. They were generally heavy to use, and required considerable usage to break them in. These brushes were predominantly used in the days before modern paint manufacture techniques; hand mixed paints requiring more working to create the finish. These brushes still have use in applying primer; the brushes are useful in working the primer into the grain of the wood. Pound brushes required an even breaking in to create even bevel on both sides of the brush minimising the formation of a point which would render the brush useless.

Sash tools were smaller brushes, similar to a ground brush, and used mainly for cutting in sash or glazing bars found on windows. Sash tools and ground brushes generally required bridling before use, and a painter's efficiency in this skill was generally used as a guide to their overall ability. Both these brushes have largely been superseded by the modern varnish brush.

Nurse

A nurse is a healthcare professional, who along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings. Nurses may also be involved in medical and nursing research and perform a wide range of non-clinical functions necessary to the delivery of health care.

Nurses also provide care at birth and death. There is currently a shortage of nurses in the United Kingdom, United States and a number of other developed countries. A nurse is a healthcare professional, who along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings.

Nurses may also be involved in medical and nursing research and perform a wide range of non-clinical functions necessary to the delivery of health care. Nurses also provide care at birth and death. There is currently a shortage of nurses in the United Kingdom, United States and a number of other developed countries. The nursing career does not vary though out. Typically there are several distinct levels of nursing practitioner distinguished by scope of practice.

The major distinction is between task-based nursing and professional nursing. Nurses throughout the world are increasingly employed as registered nurses, advanced practice nurses, clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners. At the top of the educational ladder is the doctoral-prepared nurse. Nurses may gain a PhD or another doctoral degree, specializing in research, clinical nursing, and so forth. These nurses practice nursing, teach nursing, and carry out nursing research.

Navigator

A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation. The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times. Responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the Captain or Aircraft Commander of estimated timing to destinations while en route, and ensuring hazards are avoided. The navigator is in charge of maintaining the aircraft or ship's nautical charts, nautical publications, and navigational equipment, and generally has responsibility for meteorological equipment and communications.

A naval ship's navigator is responsible for buying and maintaining its nautical charts. A nautical chart, or simply "chart", is a graphic representation of a maritime or Flight region and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, restricted flying areas, and man-made structures such as harbours, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts.

A convenient way to keep track of corrections is with a Chart and Publication Correction Record Card system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every chart in the portfolio when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the chart, he pulls the chart and chart's card, and makes the indicated corrections on the chart. This system ensures that every chart is properly corrected prior to use. Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic navigational charts.

The navigator focuses on creating the ship's passage plans (or "mission plans" for USAF purposes). A mission/passage plan can be summarized as a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth, including undocking, departure, the enroute portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring/arrival at the destination. Before each voyage begins, the navigator should develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed. In the aviation community, this is known as "chair flying."

This mental model includes charting courses, and forecasting weather, tides, and currents. It includes updating and checking nautical publications, which could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots, and projecting the various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes that will transpire during the voyage. This mental model becomes the standard by which he will measure progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a passage plan.

Musician

A musician is a person who plays or writes music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music. A composer (latin com+ponere, literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates music, usually by musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music.

In the development of European music, the function of composing music initially had no greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions received little attention, and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. Over time, however, the written notation of the composer has come to be treated as strict instructions, from which performers should not deviate without good reason.

Performers do, however, play the music and interpret it in a way that is all their own. In fact, in the concerto form, the soloist would often compose and perform a cadenza as a way to express their individual interpretation of the piece. The term "composer" is often used specifically to mean a composer in the mainstream Western tradition of classical music. In popular and folk music, the composer is typically called a songwriter (since the music generally takes the form of a song).

Songwriters may perform the songs they write themselves, or they may write for somebody else to perform. People who sing their own songs are nowadays typically called singer-songwriters, although the tradition of doing this dates back hundreds of years. Less recently, the troubadours of the Middle Ages sang their own works, as did the German Minnesingers. In the contemporary era, the songwriting competition has become a valuable venue for aspiring songwriters.

Mechanic

A mechanic is a person who uses tools to repair things (generally machinery) or works to keep things operating properly. Many mechanics are specialized in a particular field such as auto mechanics, bicycle mechanics, boiler mechanics, industrial maintenance mechanics (millwrights), air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics, aircraft mechanics, diesel mechanics and tank mechanics in... the armed services. Auto mechanic, for example, has many trades within. Some may specialize in the electrical aspect, other areas include: brakes and steering, automatic or standard transmission, engine repairs or diagnosing customer complaints.

An auto technician has a wide variety of topics to study. Basic vehicle maintenance is a fundamental part of a mechanic's work in some countries, while in others they are only consulted when a vehicle is already showing signs of malfunction. Preventative maintenance is also a fundamental part of a mechanic's job, but this is not possible in the case of vehicles that are not regularly maintained by a mechanic.

One misunderstood aspect of preventative maintenance is scheduled replacement of various parts, which occurs before failure to avoid far more expensive damage. Because this means that parts are replaced before any problem is observed, many vehicle owners will not understand why the expense is necessary. With the rapid advancement in technology, the mechanic's job has evolved from purely mechanical, to include electronic technology. Because vehicles today possess complex computer and electronic systems, mechanics need to have a broader base of knowledge than in the past.

Lately, the term "auto mechanic" is being used less and less frequently and is being replaced by the euphemistic title “automotive service technician”. Fading quickly is the day of the 'shade tree mechanic', who needed little knowledge of today's computerized systems. Due to the increasingly labyrinthine nature of the technology that is now incorporated into automobiles, most automobile dealerships now provide sophisticated diagnostic computers to each technician, without which they would be unable to diagnose or repair a vehicle.

Gardener

A "gardener" is any person involved in gardening, arguably the oldest occupation, from the hobbyist in a residential garden, the homeowner supplementing the family food with a small vegetable garden or orchard, to an employee in a nursery or the head gardener in a large estate. The term gardener is also used to describe garden designers and landscape gardeners, who are involved chiefly in the design of gardens, rather than the practical aspects of horticulture.

Gardening has a long history, and there have been many pioneering gardeners of note, from the great landscape gardeners, to those who created or expanded the idea of the "no-dig" garden. In addition, television lifestyle programs have spawned a number of celebrity gardeners. Gardening is the practice of growing ornamental or useful plants. Ornamental plants are normally grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall appearance.

Useful plants may be grown for consumption (vegetables, fruits, herbs, or leaf vegetables) or for a variety of other purposes, such as medicines or dyes. Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, to residential yards including lawns and foundation plantings, to large or small containers grown inside or outside.

Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a large number of different plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from farming or forestry. Water gardening is concerned with growing plants adapted to pools and ponds. Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden. These all require special conditions and considerations. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plant(s).

Container gardening is concerned with growing plants in any type of container either indoors or outdoors. Common containers are pots, hanging baskets, and planters. Container gardening is usually used in atriums and on balconies, patios, and roof tops. Community gardening is a social activity in which an area of land is gardened by a group of people, providing access to fresh produce and plants as well as access to satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment. Community gardens are typically owned in trust by local governments or nonprofits

Fisherman

A fisherman or fisher is someone who gathers shellfish, or captures fish and other animals from a body of water. Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishermen and fish farmers. The term can also be applied to recreational fishermen, and may be used to describe both men and women. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period.

Alaska's commercial fishermen work in one of the world's harshest environments. They endure isolated fishing grounds, high winds, seasonal darkness, very cold water, icing, and short fishing seasons, where very long work days are the norm. Fatigue, physical stress, and financial pressures face most Alaska fishermen through their careers. While the work-related fatality rate for commercial fishermen in Alaska is still very high, it does appear to be decreasing.

There are still about fishermen who must be rescued each year from cold Alaska waters. Successful rescue is still dependent on the expertly trained personnel of the US Coast Guard Search and Rescue operations, and such efforts can be hindered by the harshness of seas and the weather. Furthermore, the people involved in Search and Rescue operations are themselves at considerable risk for injury or death during these rescue attempts.

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes.